c. 1650-1700

Jain Ascetics in a Mountain Landscape (recto); Jain Ascetic and Standing Women (verso)

The Jain ascetics portrayed here all wear masks to prevent them from inadvertently inhaling—and killing—insects. This exemplifies the Jain ideal of nonviolence, shown toward all living beings. Similarly, they use brooms to clear a path to avoid stepping on the tiny creatures. As a result of their austerity and respect for life, these ascetics are esteemed by the animals who share their mountain home. A peacock, an elephant, and a hyena bow down in homage before two of the holy men while snakes protect the heads of others. Natural features in the landscape (trees, bodies of water, mountains, and hills) are often identified as holy places of transformation in South Asia’s various religious traditions.